When tackling plumbing, construction, or even DIY projects, you’ll quickly encounter Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC). These are two of the most popular thermoplastic polymers around.
But when it comes to ABS vs PVC, which one is right for your specific needs?
This article breaks down the key differences between ABS and PVC to help you choose the appropriate material. We’ll look at factors like strength, temperature resistance, chemical resistance, and cost, while also keeping building codes in mind. By the end, you’ll have a clearer picture of which plastic is best suited for your project.
Understanding ABS Plastic
Let’s take a closer look at ABS, including what it is and how it’s used.
What is ABS?
ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) is a thermoplastic polymer made from acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene monomers. It’s known for being strong, rigid, and resistant to impact, which makes it a good choice when you need something durable and heat-resistant.
Because of these characteristics, ABS is often used in:
- 3D printing and model prototyping
- Electronics enclosures and cases
- Indoor household items and fixtures
Pros and Cons of ABS
Like any material, ABS has advantages and disadvantages. Here are a few to consider.
The key advantages of ABS are its high impact resistance and durability, as well as its good heat resistance. It’s also relatively easy to shape and machine.
On the downside, ABS contains Bisphenol A (BPA), which raises safety concerns for some people. It may also be subject to building code restrictions in certain areas, and it doesn’t resist chemicals as well as PVC does.
Understanding PVC plastic
PVC (polyvinyl chloride) is a thermoplastic polymer made from vinyl chloride monomers. PVC is known for its flexibility, its resistance to chemicals, and its affordability. This makes it useful in a wide variety of applications.
Typical applications of PVC plastic
- Plumbing and drainage systems
- Outdoor structures and furniture
- Flooring
Pros and cons of PVC
Like any material, PVC has its advantages and disadvantages.
Pros
- Excellent chemical resistance
- More flexible than ABS
- Generally more affordable than ABS
- BPA-free
Cons
- Lower impact resistance compared to ABS
- Lower temperature resistance compared to ABS
- Can be more difficult to cut and install in some cases
Key Differences: ABS vs. PVC
Both ABS and PVC are used in a wide variety of applications, but they have distinct properties that make them better suited for some purposes than others.
Material Properties
When considering ABS vs. PVC, here are some of the qualities to keep in mind:
Strength and Rigidity
ABS is generally stronger and more rigid than PVC. If your project requires high tensile strength and impact resistance, you’ll probably want to go with ABS.
PVC, on the other hand, is more flexible, which can make it a good choice for projects where space is limited or tight angles are involved.
Temperature Resistance
ABS tends to perform better than PVC in extremely high or low temperatures. PVC can degrade at high temperatures, so ABS may be preferable in those conditions.
Chemical Resistance
PVC is more resistant to acids, bases, and other chemicals than ABS, so you’ll want to keep that in mind when deciding which material is best for your project.
Installation and Joining
ABS and PVC pipes are installed in slightly different ways.
ABS typically involves a one-step process using solvent cement. PVC, on the other hand, requires a two-step process in which a primer is applied before the solvent cement.
Both ABS and PVC can be joined to other materials using fittings designed for that purpose.
Choosing the Right Material: Factors to Consider
When deciding between ABS and PVC, consider the requirements of your particular project.
Application and Environment
PVC is best for outdoor projects because it stands up well to ultraviolet light. ABS is preferable for indoor applications where strength and heat resistance are important.
For drainage and sewage systems, ABS is often preferred because it’s so strong. PVC is a better choice for hydroponics or DIY projects because it’s less expensive and easier to work with.
Safety and Regulations
Be sure to check your local building codes before you decide on a material. Some areas restrict the use of ABS because of concerns about bisphenol A (BPA).
PVC is BPA-free, but ABS isn’t. The National Institutes of Health has expressed some concern over potential health risks associated with BPA.
Cost and Aesthetics
PVC is generally more cost-effective than ABS, especially if you’re working on a large project.
ABS is usually black, while PVC is usually white. Depending on your project, you may want to consider the finished appearance when you choose your material.
Wrapping Up
ABS and PVC pipes are both popular and affordable choices for drainage, waste, and vent lines. But they have different strengths and weaknesses.
ABS is more durable and can withstand colder temperatures, but PVC is more chemically resistant and quieter. ABS is usually cheaper than PVC, but local building codes may limit where you can use it. And, because of toxic fumes released when it burns, ABS may be less safe than PVC.
The best type of pipe for your project depends on your specific needs. So, think carefully about what you’re trying to accomplish before you decide.
And, when in doubt, talk with a professional plumber or contractor. They can help you evaluate your project requirements, understand any local restrictions, and select the right material for the job.