Hyperkeratosis in dogs is a relatively common condition that causes a dog’s skin to harden and thicken because of an overproduction of keratin. It’s most often seen on the nose and paw pads.
Hyperkeratosis can cause your dog discomfort, pain, and even secondary infections if left untreated. So, it’s important to recognize the signs and consult with your vet as soon as possible to get your dog feeling better.
This article will cover the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of hyperkeratosis in dogs so you can be informed and prepared to help your furry friend.
What is hyperkeratosis in dogs?
Keratin is a tough, fibrous protein that’s a key building block in skin, hair, and nails. Keratinocytes are the cells in the outer layer of skin, or epidermis, that produce keratin.
Hyperkeratosis occurs when the keratinocytes go into overdrive and produce too much keratin. The result is thickened, often crusty, skin.
Common locations
Hyperkeratosis is most often seen on a dog’s paw pads, where it’s known as digital hyperkeratosis. The paw pads become thickened and cracked, which can make it painful to walk.
It can also occur on a dog’s nose, and that’s called nasal hyperkeratosis. The skin on the nose becomes dry and crusty, and if it gets really bad, it can even affect a dog’s breathing.
Less commonly, hyperkeratosis can show up on the margins of a dog’s ears.
What Causes Hyperkeratosis in Dogs?
Hyperkeratosis can be caused by a number of things. Here are some of the most common causes:
Genetic Predisposition
Some breeds are more likely than others to develop hyperkeratosis. These breeds include Dogue de Bordeaux, Irish Terriers, Labradors, Cocker Spaniels, Basset Hounds, and Griffon breeds.
Some dogs are born with congenital hyperkeratosis. Nasodigital hyperkeratosis in Cocker Spaniels is an example of a congenital form of the disease.
Environmental Factors
Harsh conditions can also trigger hyperkeratosis. These include:
- Extreme temperatures
- Rough terrain
- Irritants and harsh chemicals
- Pressure points on the elbows from lying on hard surfaces
Medical Conditions
Hyperkeratosis can also be a symptom of an underlying disease, such as:
- Canine distemper virus
- Leishmaniasis
- Papillomavirus infection
- Autoimmune diseases such as pemphigus foliaceus and systemic lupus erythematosus
- Zinc deficiency (zinc-responsive dermatosis), which can occur due to dietary imbalances or malabsorption
- Hormonal imbalances
Recognizing the symptoms of hyperkeratosis in dogs
If your dog has hyperkeratosis, you might notice changes to their nose and paw pads. Here’s what to look for:
Changes in Nose Texture
- Dryness
- Cracking
- Crusty Appearance
Paw Pad Alterations
- Thickened Skin
- Roughness
- Fissures and Erosions
Other Signs
- Licking Paws
- Limping
- Reduced Activity
- Signs of Pain or Discomfort
- Bleeding
- Secondary Infections
If you see any of these symptoms, it’s a good idea to take your dog to the vet for a checkup.
How is hyperkeratosis diagnosed in dogs?
If you suspect your dog has hyperkeratosis, your vet will perform a thorough examination and ask questions about your dog’s breed, age, and health history.
The vet may also order tests, such as:
- Skin sample analysis: Examining skin cells under a microscope can help identify abnormalities.
- Biopsy: Taking a small tissue sample for closer examination.
- Blood work: Blood tests can help rule out underlying health issues.
- Culture and sensitivity tests: These can detect secondary infections that may be present.
How to Treat Hyperkeratosis in Dogs
If your vet has diagnosed your dog with hyperkeratosis, you’ll want to work closely with them to manage the condition. The treatment plan will depend on the underlying cause and the severity of the hyperkeratosis.
Addressing Underlying Conditions
One of the first steps in treating hyperkeratosis is to identify and treat any underlying medical conditions. This might include autoimmune diseases, infections, or even zinc deficiencies. Your vet may recommend supplements to correct a zinc deficiency.
Topical Treatments
Topical treatments are often used to soften the thickened skin and prevent cracking. Your vet may recommend the following:
- Paw soaking: Soaking the affected paws in warm water with Epsom salts for 10 to 15 minutes can help soften the keratin.
- Moisturizing ointments: Applying veterinarian-approved topical treatments and moisturizers, such as petroleum jelly (Vaseline®), can help prevent cracking. Some pet owners have also found relief using CBD balms.
- Keratolytics: Products containing salicylic acid (like OXY-pads®) can be used twice weekly to break down the excess keratin. Be sure to follow your vet’s instructions.
Trimming Excess Keratin
In some cases, your vet may recommend gently clipping away the excess keratin from the affected areas. This should only be done under veterinary supervision, as improper trimming can cause pain or infection. Trimming helps reduce discomfort and improve the effectiveness of topical treatments.
Medications
If secondary infections or inflammation are present, your vet may prescribe antimicrobial and steroid ointments. In severe cases, systemic antibiotics may be necessary to combat infection.
How can I prevent hyperkeratosis in dogs?
While some dogs are genetically predisposed to this condition, there are some things you can do:
- Check your dog’s paws and nose often.
- Keep your dog’s environment clean.
- Trim your dog’s nails.
- Feed your dog a balanced diet to prevent nutritional deficiencies.
- Make sure your dog gets vaccinated against canine distemper.
- Avoid breeding dogs with congenital hyperkeratosis.
Summary
While hyperkeratosis in dogs needs ongoing care, it’s a manageable condition. Regular veterinary check-ups are essential for monitoring the affected areas and tweaking the treatment plan when necessary.
With the right care and a consistent routine, dogs with hyperkeratosis can live happy, active lives.
If you think your dog may be showing signs of hyperkeratosis, it’s important to work closely with your veterinarian to develop a personalized treatment plan to relieve discomfort and prevent complications.